A reagent and related method for use in passivating a biomaterial surface, the reagent including a latent reactive group and a bifunctional aliphatic acid (e.g., fatty acid), in combination with a spacer group linking the latent reactive group to the aliphatic acid in a manner that preserves the desired function of each group. Once bound to the surface, via the latent reactive group, the reagent presents the aliphatic acid to the physiological environment, in vivo, in a manner (e.g., concentration and orientation) sufficient to hold and orient albumin.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention permits the binding of albumin to a surface to be enhanced by the use of a surface modification reagent. The reagent includes a bifunctional aliphatic acid capable of being attached to a surface in an amount and orientation that improves the ability of the surface to attract and bind albumin. While not intending to be bound by theory, it appears that a surface bearing a reagent of this invention exhibits improved albumin binding by virtue of both hydrophobic interactions (of the alkyl chain) and ionic interactions (of the anionic moiety) with albumin. It is expected that the hydrophobic interactions serve to hold and orient the free albumin molecule, while the ionic interactions serve to maintain the albumin molecule in position by the addition of attractive ionic forces. In a particularly preferred embodiment, the bifunctional aliphatic acid is attached to either alkane, oxyalkane, or hydrophobic polymeric backbones to allow both aliphatic and ionic regions of the bifunctional acid analog to spacially orient away from the biomaterial surface to induce better binding with native albumin. The reagent, in turn, permits albumin binding surfaces to be created using a variety of medical device materials, and in particular, for use in blood-contacting medical devices.

Bifunctional Aliphatic Acid

The bifunctional aliphatic acid of the present invention ("Z" group) includes both an aliphatic portion and an anionic portion. The word "aliphatic", as used herein, refers to a substantially linear portion, e.g., a hydrocarbon backbone, capable of forming hydrophobic interactions with albumin. The word "anionic", in turn, refers to a charged portion capable of forming further ionic interactions with the albumin molecule. By the use of a reagent of this invention, these portions can be covalently attached to a surface in a manner that retains their desired function, in order to attract and bind native albumin from blood and other bodily fluids.

In a preferred embodiment, the invention includes photoactivatible molecules having fatty acid functional groups, including polymers having multiple photoactivatible and fatty acid functional groups, as well as heterobifunctional molecules. Photoactivatible polyacrylamide copolymers containing multiple pendant fatty acid analogs and multiple pendant photogroups have been synthesized from acrylamide, a benzophenone-substituted acrylamide, and N-substituted acrylamide monomers containing the fatty acid analog. Photoactivatible polyvinylpyrrolidones have also been prepared in a similar fashion. Polyacrylamide or polyvinylpyrrolidone copolymers with a single end-point photogroup and multiple pendant fatty acid analogs have also been synthesized. Finally, photoactivatible, heterobifunctional molecules having a benzophenone on one end and a fatty acid group on the other end optionally separated by a spacer have been made, wherein that spacer can be a hydrophobic alkyl chain or a more hydrophilic polyethyleneglycol (PEG) chain.

Spacer Group

Suitable spacers ("Y" groups) for use in preparing heterobifunctional reagents of the present invention include any di- or higher-functional spacers capable of covalently attaching a latent reactive group to an aliphatic acid in a manner that permits them both to be used for their intended purpose. Although the spacer may itself provide a desired chemical and/or physical function, preferably the spacer is non-interfering, in that it does not detrimentally affect the use of the aliphatic and ionic portions for their intended purposes. In the case of the polymeric reagents of the invention, the spacer group serves to attach the aliphatic acid to the backbone of the polymer.

The spacer may be either aliphatic or polymeric and contain various heteroatoms such as O, N, and S in place of carbon. Constituent atoms of the spacers need not be aligned linearly. For example, aromatic rings, which lack abstractable hydrogen atoms (as defined below), can be included as part of the spacer design in those reagents where the latent reactive group functions by initiating covalent bond formation via hydrogen atom abstraction. In its precursor form (i.e., prior to attachment of a photoreactive group and aliphatic acid), a spacer can be terminated with any suitable functionalities, such as hydroxyl, amino, carboxyl, and sulfhydryl groups, which are suitable for use in attaching a photoreactive group and the aliphatic acid by a suitable chemical reaction, e.g., conventional coupling chemistry.

Alternatively, the spacer can be formed in the course of combining a precursor containing (or capable of attaching) the photoreactive group with another containing (or capable of attaching) the aliphatic acid. For example, the aliphatic acid could be reacted with an aliphatic diamine to give an aliphatic amine derivative of the bifunctional aliphatic acid and which could be coupled with a carboxylic acid containing the photogroup. To those skilled in the art, it would be obvious that the photogroup could be attached to any appropriate thermochemical group which would react with any appropriate nucleophile containing O, N or S.

Examples of suitable spacer groups include, but are not limited to, the groups consisting of substituted or unsubstituted alkylene, oxyalkylene, cycloalkylene, arylene, oxyarylene, or aralkylene group, and having amides, ethers, and carbonates as linking functional groups to the photoactivatible group, and the bifunctional aliphatic fatty acid.

The spacer of the invention can also comprise a polymer which serves as a backbone. The polymer backbone can be either synthetic or naturally occurring, and is preferably a synthetic polymer selected from the group consisting of oligomers, homopolymers, and copolymers resulting from addition or condensation polymerization. Naturally occurring polymers, such as polysaccharides, can be used as well. Preferred backbones are biologically inert, in that they do not provide a biological function that is inconsistent with, or detrimental to, their use in the manner described.

Such polymer backbones can include acrylics such as those polymerized from hydroxyethyl acrylate, hydroxyethyl methacrylate, glyceryl acrylate, glyceryl methacrylate, acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, acrylamide and methacrylamide; vinyls such as polyvinylpyrrolidone and polyvinyl alcohol; nylons such as polycaprolactam; derivatives of polylauryl lactam, polyhexamethylene adipamide and polyhexamethylene dodecanediamide, and polyurethanes; polyethers such as polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, and polybutylene oxide; and biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid, polyglycolic acid, polydioxanone, polyanhydrides, and polyorthoesters.

The polymeric backbone is chosen to provide a backbone capable of bearing one or more photoreactive groups, and one or more fatty acid functional groups. The polymeric backbone is also selected to provide a spacer between the surface and the various photoreactive groups and fatty acid functional groups. In this manner, the reagent can be bonded to a surface or to an adjacent reagent molecule, to provide the fatty acid functional groups with sufficient freedom of movement to demonstrate optimal activity. The polymer backbones are preferably water soluble, with polyacrylamide and polyvinylpyrrolidone being particularly preferred polymers.

Photoreactive Group

In a preferred embodiment one or more photoreactive groups are provided by the X groups attached to the central Y spacer radical. Upon exposure to a suitable light source, each of the photoreactive groups are subject to activation. The term "photoreactive group", as used herein, refers to a chemical group that responds to an applied external energy source in order to undergo active specie generation, resulting in covalent bonding to an adjacent chemical structure (e.g., an aliphatic carbon-hydrogen bond).

Preferred X groups are sufficiently stable to be stored under conditions in which they retain such properties. See, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,002,582, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. Latent reactive groups can be chosen that are responsive to various portions of the electromagnetic spectrum, with those responsive to ultraviolet and visible portions of the spectrum (referred to herein as "photoreactive") being particularly preferred.

Photoreactive aryl ketones are preferred, such as acetophenone, benzophenone, anthraquinone, anthrone, and anthrone-like heterocycles (i.e., heterocyclic analogues of anthrone such as those having N, O, or S in the 10-position), or their substituted (e.g., ring substituted) derivatives. The functional groups of such ketones are preferred since they are readily capable of undergoing the activation/inactivation/reactivation cycle described herein. Benzophenone is a particularly preferred photoreactive group, since it is capable of photochemical excitation with the initial formation of an excited singlet state that undergoes intersystem crossing to the triplet state. The excited triplet state can insert into carbon-hydrogen bonds by abstraction of a hydrogen atom (for example, from a support surface or target molecule in the solution and in bonding proximity to the agent), thus creating a radical pair. Subsequent collapse of the radical pair leads to formation of a new carbon-carbon bond. If a reactive bond (e.g., carbon-hydrogen) is not available for bonding, the ultraviolet light-induced excitation of the benzophenone group is reversible and the molecule returns to ground state energy level upon removal of the energy source. Hence, photoreactive aryl ketones are particularly preferred.

The azides constitute a preferred class of latent reactive groups and include arylazides (C.sub.6R.sub.5N.sub.3) such as phenyl azide and particularly 4-fluoro-3-nitrophenyl azide, acyl azides (--CO--N.sub.3) such as ethyl azidoformate, phenyl azidoformate, sulfonyl azides (--SO.sub.2--N.sub.3) such as benzenesulfonyl azide, and phosphoryl azides (RO).sub.2PON.sub.3 such as diphenyl phosphoryl azide and diethyl phosphoryl azide. Diazo compounds constitute another class of photoreactive groups and include diazoalkanes (--CHN.sub.2) such as diazomethane and diphenyldiazomethane, diazoketones (--CO--CHN.sub.2) such as diazoacetophenone and 1-trifluoromethyl-1-diazo-2-pentanone, diazoacetates (--CO--CN.sub.2--CO--O--) such as t-butyl alpha diazoacetoacetate. Other photoreactive groups include aliphatic azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile, diazirines (--CHN.sub.2) such as 3-trifluoromethyl-3-phenyldiazirine and ketenes (--CH.dbd.C.dbd.O) such as ketene and diphenylketene.

Upon activation of the photoreactive groups, the coating adhesion molecules are covalently bound to each other and/or to the material surface by covalent bonds through residues of the photoreactive groups. Exemplary photoreactive groups, and their residues upon activation, are shown as follows.

TABLE-US-00001 Photoreactive Group Residue Functionality aryl azides amine R--NH--R' acyl azides amide R--CO--NH--R' azidoformates carbamate R--O--CO--NH--R' sulfonyl azides sulfonamide R--SO.sub.2--NH--R' phosphoryl azides phosphoramide (RO).sub.2PO--NH--R' diazoalkanes new C--C bond diazoketones new C--C bond and ketone diazoacetates new C--C bond and ester beta-keto-alpha-diazoacetates new C--C bond and beta-ketoester aliphatic azo new C--C bond diazirines new C--C bond ketenes new C--C bond photoactivated ketones new C--C bond and alcohol

Preparation of Reagents

Reagents of the present invention can be prepared by any suitable means, depending upon the selection of either a heterobifunctional reagent or a polymeric reagent. In the case of the heterobifunctional reagents, the fatty acid residue is provided by a fatty acid possessing a chemically reactive group on the alkyl chain which permits covalent coupling of the remainder of the heterobifunctional molecule to the fatty acid with preservation of the carboxylic acid functionality. Preferably, the site of the reactive group is in close proximity to the carboxylic acid group so as to minimize effects on the binding activity of the hydrophobic alkyl chain. Most preferably, the fatty acid residue can be provided by a compound such n-tetradecylsuccinic anhydride (TDSA). Reaction of such a molecule with a second molecule possessing a nucleophilic species such as a primary amine results in opening of the anhydride ring to give a fatty acid with an amide linkage to the remainder of the molecule. This reaction generates a pair of regioisomers depending upon the direction of the anhydride ring opening. The second molecule in this reaction can be provided by a spacer group, with or without a photoactivatible group, which possesses a group capable of reaction with the fatty acid compound. Most preferably, this spacer group possesses an amine which is highly reactive with an anhydride species. The spacer group is typically a bifunctional molecule which can have the photoactivatible group attached prior to reaction with the fatty acid derivative or the reverse order of reaction can be used. The bifunctional spacer can be either heterobifunctional or homobifunctional, with the former requiring a differential reactivity in the first and second reaction steps and the latter requiring an efficient method of separating the monofunctionalized spacer following the first reaction. Optionally, no spacer is required and a photoactivatible group possessing functionality capable of reaction with the fatty acid derivative can be used. The above examples are nonlimiting and the methods of accomplishing these coupling reactions are apparent to those skilled in the art.

Polymeric reagents of the invention can be prepared by derivatization of preformed polymers possessing reactive groups along the backbone of the polymer capable of reaction with the photoactivatible groups and the fatty acid derivatives. For example, polyacrylamide, polyvinylpyrrolidone, or siloxanes functionalized with amine groups along the backbone, with or without a spacer group, can be reacted with 4-benzoylbenzoyl chloride (BBA-Cl) and TDSA to provide the photoactivatible and fatty acid ligands respectively. Alternatively, the photoactivatible and fatty acid groups can be prepared in the form of polymerizable monomers which can then be copolymerized with themselves and other monomers to provide polymers of the invention. In a further embodiment of the invention, the photoactivatible group can be introduced in the form of a chain transfer agent along with the fatty acid monomer and other comonomers so as to provide a polymer having the photoactivatible group at the end of the polymer chain. For example, a chain transfer agent possessing two derivatized benzophenones as the photoactivatible groups and a mercaptan as the chain transfer agent can be used to copolymerize a fatty acid monomer and acrylamide or N-vinylpyrrolidone monomers to provide polymers of the invention. Alternatively, this polymer could be prepared with reactive groups along the backbone, followed by reaction with a fatty acid derivative.

Surfaces and Methods of Attachment.

The reagent of the present invention can be used to modify any suitable surface. Where the latent reactive group is a photoreactive group of the preferred type, it is particularly preferred that the surface provide abstractable hydrogen atoms suitable for covalent bonding with the activated group.

Plastics such as polyolefins, polystyrenes, poly(methyl)methacrylates, polyacrylonitriles, poly(vinylacetates), poly (vinyl alcohols), chlorine-containing polymers such as poly(vinyl) chloride, polyoxymethylenes, polycarbonates, polyamides, polyimides, polyurethanes, phenolics, amino-epoxy resins, polyesters, silicones, cellulose-based plastics, and rubber-like plastics can all be used as supports, providing surfaces that can be modified as described herein. See generally, "Plastics", pp. 462-464, in Concise Encyclopedia of Polymer Science and Engineering, Kroschwitz, ed., John Wiley and Sons, 1990, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, supports such as those formed of pyrolytic carbon and silylated surfaces of glass, ceramic, or metal are suitable for surface modification.

Any suitable technique can be used for reagent binding to a surface, and such techniques can be selected and optimized for each material, process, or device. The reagent can be successfully applied to clean material surfaces as listed above by spray, dip, or brush coating of a solution of the fatty acid binding reagent. The surface may be air-dried prior to illumination or the surface can be illuminated while submerged in the coating solution. The photoreactive group is energized via an external stimulation (e.g., exposure to a suitable light source) to form, via free active specie generation, a covalent bond between the reagent and either another polybifunctional reagent molecule or the biomaterial surface. This coating method is herein termed the "one step coating method", since photoreactive coupling chemistry attaches an invention polymer to a biomaterial surface, and no subsequent steps are required to add the bioactive group. The external stimulation that is employed desirably is electromagnetic radiation, and preferably is radiation in the ultraviolet, visible or infrared regions of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The "two-step" method would involve a first step of photocoupling a hydrocarbon backbone to the surface, followed by a second step of attaching (e.g., thermochemically) one or more fatty acid derivatives to the immobilized backbone. For example, this two step approach could involve covalently attaching a photoreactive hydrocarbon backbone containing nucleophiles which could be used to thermochemically couple fatty acid derivatives to the surface, or directly attaching thermochemical groups (e.g. amines) to the surface, followed by thermochemical attachment of one or more fatty acid derivatives.

Alternatively, chemically reactive groups can be introduced on the surface by a variety of non-photochemical methods, followed by chemical coupling of the fatty acid group to the modified surface. For example, amine groups can be introduced on a surface by plasma treatment with a mixture of methane and ammonia and the resulting amines can then be reached with TDSA to chemically couple the fatty acid derivative to the surface through an amide linkage. When desired, other approaches can be used for surface modification using the reagent of the present invention. This approach is particularly useful in those situations in which a support is difficult to modify using conventional chemistry, or for situations that require exceptional durability and stability of the target molecule on the surface.
 

Claim 1 of 6 Claims

1. A passivating biomaterial comprising a biomaterial surface having covalently attached thereto a reagent, the reagent selected from the group consisting of mono-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamidopoly(ethylene glycol).sub.200 mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether, mono-3-carboxyheptadecanamidopoly(ethylene glycol).sub.200 mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether, mono-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamidotetra(ethylene glycol) mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether, mono-3-carboxyhepta-decanamidotetra(ethylene glycol) mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether, N-[2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl]-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamide, N-[2-(4-benzoylbenzyloxy)ethyl]-3-carboxyheptadecanamide, N-[12-(benzoylbenzyloxy)dodecyl]-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamide, N-[12-(benzoylbenzyloxy)dodecyl]-3-carboxyheptadecanamide, N-[3-(4-benzoylbenzamido)propyl]-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamide, N-[3-(4-benzoylbenzamido)propyl]-3-carboxyheptadecanamide, N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamide, N-(3-benzoylphenyl)-3-carboxyheptadecanamide, N-(4-benzoylphenyl)-2-(carboxymethyl)hexadecanamide, poly(ethylene glycol).sub.200 mono-15-carboxypentadecyl mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether, and mono-15-carboxypenta-decanamidopoly(ethylene glycol).sub.200 mono-4-benzoylbenzyl ether.
 

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