The present invention relates to a method of detecting intracellular cholesterol. The method provides contacting a permeabilized cell with labeled c.theta. complex. Methods of using this detection method to identify agents which modulate cholesterol accumulation in a cell are also provided.

Description of the Invention

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

One object of the present invention is to provide a method of detecting intracellular cholesterol using a labeled C.theta. complex. The method provides contacting permeabilized cells with labeled C.theta. complex and detecting binding of the C.theta. complex to intracellular cholesterol.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a method of identifying agents which inhibit cholesterol accumulation using a high-throughput screening assay. In the assay of the present invention, mutant NCP1 cells, preferably CHO CT43 or CHO CT60 cells, are exposed to a test agent. The ability of the test agent to decrease levels of cholesterol accumulation in the cells is evaluated, preferably via labeled C.theta. complex.

Methods of inhibiting over accumulation of cholesterol and treating or preventing diseases associated with over accumulation of cholesterol in cells are also provided.

These and other aspects of the present invention are set forth in more detail in the following description of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Lipoproteins are macromolecular complexes that carry hydrophobic plasma lipids, particularly cholesterol and triglyceride in the plasma. More than half of the coronary heart disease in the United States is attributable to abnormalities in the levels and metabolism of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. Premature coronary heart disease is sometimes related to mutations in the major genes involved in lipoprotein metabolism. However, elevated lipoprotein levels in most patients with coronary heart disease reflect the adverse impact of excess body weight and diets high in total and saturated fats. Elevated lipoprotein levels in the brain have also been associated with neurodegenerative disorders such as Alzheimer's disease.

Treatment of elevated LDL cholesterol is typically focused at either disease prevention or secondary treatment after complications have occurred. The rationale for primary prevention is based on a large body of evidence linking elevated levels of LDL cholesterol with an increase in coronary heart disease as well as clinical and experimental data demonstrating that reducing LDL cholesterol slows progression and may actually induce regression of coronary heart disease.

Three classes of lipid-lowering agents are presently recommended as first line therapy against hypercholesteremia. These include bile acid sequestrants or binding resins, niacin and 3-hydroxy-3-methyl glutaryl-coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) inhibitors. However, there is a need for additional cholesterol inhibiting agents as well as screening assays to identify these agents.

The present invention provides a method for detecting intracellular cholesterol using labeled C.theta. complex. The invention further provides a high-throughput screening assay using this detection method for use in evaluating and identifying test agents which modulate cholesterol accumulation.

It is well-known that biotinylated C.theta. complex binds to plasma membrane-localized cholesterol, however, the present invention provides a method of detecting intracellular cholesterol by contacting permeabilized cells with labeled C.theta. complex. By way of illustration only, intracellular cholesterol is detected in paraformaldehyde-permeabilized cells with biotinylated C.theta. complex herein. 25RA and CT43 cells which were and were not permeabilized with a low concentration, i.e. 1.0%, of paraformaldehyde, were contacted with BC.theta., subsequently labeled with fluorescent streptavidin, and viewed under a fluorescent microscope. Both concentrations of paraformaldehyde resulted in strong BC.theta. binding to cholesterol mainly in the vicinity of the cell surface. In addition, some intracellular binding was also observed. Unexpectedly, when either 25RA or CT43 cells were permeabilized with 4% paraformaldehyde at room temperature for more than 10 minutes, cell surface cholesterol binding by BC.theta. was significantly reduced; instead, BC.theta. mainly bound intracellular cholesterol-rich domains. This indicated that 4% paraformaldehyde permeabilizes the cell, making BC.theta. accessible to the intracellular region. Control experiments provided no detectable fluorescence signal in cells contacted with fluorescent streptavidin alone without BC.theta.. Reduced cell surface binding of cholesterol by BC.theta. in cells permeabilized with 4% paraformaldehyde may be the consequence of severe deformation/reorganization of the plasma membrane which in turn inhibits the binding of BC.theta. to cholesterol at the plasma membrane. A similar reduction in BC.theta. binding to cell surface cholesterol of cells pre-fixed with 2% formaldehyde has been observed by electron microscopy and flow cytometry (Mobius, et al. (2002) supra).

Flow cytometric analysis of CHO cells grown in lipoprotein-containing medium was performed to quantitate fluorescent signal produced by BC.theta. binding. As a negative control, 25RA cells contacted with fluorescent streptavidin alone without BC.theta. were used. Wild-type CHO and mutant M19 cells were included in some experiments as additional controls. Plasma membrane and intracellular cholesterol content is provided in Table 1 (see Original Patent).

The 25RA and CT43 cells contain a gain of function mutation in the SREBP cleavage activating protein (SCAP) (Hua, et al. (1996) Cell 87:415-26). As a result, these cells constitutively express the LDL receptor and various cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes at elevated levels. In contrast, the M19 cells lack the S2P gene that is essential for activating the SREBP pathway (Chin and Chang (1981) J. Biol. Chem. 256:6304-6310; Rawson, et al. (1997) Mol. Cell 1:47-57). M19 cells express the LDLR and various cholesterol biosynthetic enzymes at levels lower than those in the wild-type cells.

Live cell detection demonstrated that both 25RA and CT43 cells exhibited stronger fluorescence intensities than the wild-type cells, while the M19 cells exhibited weaker fluorescence intensities than the wild-type cells. Furthermore, 25RA and CT43 cells had a greater percentage of cells with a strong positive signal than the wild-type cells, while the M19 cells had a much lower percentage of cells exhibiting a strong positive signal than the wild-type cells. It was also noted that the average fluorescence signal was slightly higher in CT43 cells than in 25RA cells. These results indicate that the bulk plasma membrane cholesterol content may not be significantly altered in the CT43 cells.

Additional flow cytometric analysis of cells contacted with BC.theta. was conducted using 25RA cells and CT43 cells permeabilized with 1% or 4% paraformaldehyde. Upon 1% paraformaldehyde permeabilization, where plasma membrane cholesterol detection is predominant, CT43 cells showed slightly higher levels of BC.theta. binding than 25RA cells. When cells were permeabilized with 4% paraformaldehyde prior to BC.theta. binding, a higher fluorescence intensity and higher percentage of strong positive cells was observed in both cell types. Moreover, BC.theta. binding was much higher in CT43 cells than in the 25RA cells, indicating that most of the fluorescent signal comes from cholesterol accumulated intracellularly. These results demonstrate that permeabilizing cells with 4% paraformaldehyde facilitates accessibility of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol of CHO cells, without the need for any additional permeabilization procedure.

A comparison of cholesterol detection using filipin or BC.theta. was conducted. 25RA and CT43 cells were grown in medium A containing FBS or in medium D containing delipidated FBS and parallel filipin and BC.theta. analyses were performed. Binding was detected using fluorescence microscopy. When cells were grown in medium A, BC.theta. was able to bind to intracellular cholesterol in both 25RA and CT43 cells, with CT43 cells providing considerably more signal. In contrast, filipin was able to bind intracellular cholesterol in CT43 cells but not in 25RA cells. When cells were grown for 16 hours in medium containing delipidated FBS (medium D), intracellular cholesterol content was reduced in both 25RA and CT43 cells, as determined by BC.theta. binding. Under the same conditions, filipin detected the decrease in intracellular cholesterol content in CT43 cells, but not in 25RA cells. In addition, sequential binding of BC.theta. followed by filipin completely abolished filipin signal in NPC1 cells, indicating that filipin may be binding to the same intracellular cholesterol-rich domains as BC.theta.. These results demonstrate that BC.theta. is superior to filipin for detecting cholesterol-rich domains in intracellular organelles.

To examine the effect of NPC1 expression on intracellular BC.theta. binding to cholesterol in CT43 cells, a construct comprising a GFP-tagged NPC1 protein (NPC1-GFP) was prepared and introduced into CT43 cells by transient transfection. NPC1-GFP has been used to detect the trafficking and function of the NPC1 protein in transfected cells (Ko, et al. (2001) Mol. Biol. Cell 12:601-14; Zhang, et al. (2001) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 98:4466-71). After BC.theta. binding, cells containing NPC1-GFP were viewed in the red channel to detect the BC.theta. fluorescence signal or in the green channel to detect the NPC1-GFP fluorescence signal. The two fluorescence signals were then merged to examine their degree of overlap. Cells expressing NPC1-GFP exhibited significantly reduced BC.theta. fluorescence signal compared to cells that did not express the fusion protein; no fluorescence overlap was observed between the red and green channels. As a control, CT43 cells expressing only GFP did not show reduced BC.theta. fluorescence signal. U18666A is a polyamine-containing compound that induces an NPC1-like phenotype when added to cells expressing wild-type NPC1 (Lange, et al. (2000) J. Biol. Chem. 275:17468-75; Liscum and Faust (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:11796-806). When CT43 cells expressing NPC1-GFP were exposed to U18666A, binding of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol persisted. Moreover, binding of BC.theta. significantly overlapped with the GFP signal. Thus, the intracellular cholesterol-rich domain visualized by binding of BC.theta. significantly co-localized with the compartment(s) that contains NPC1-GFP in cells exposed to U18666A. Similar observations have been made using filipin to detect intracellular cholesterol (Watari, et al. (2000) Exp. Cell Res. 255:56-66). These results further demonstrate that the cholesterol-rich compartment(s) detected by BC.theta. in NPC1 cells may be the same compartment(s) identified by filipin.

The effect of cyclodextrin on binding of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol of 25RA and CT43 cells was examined. .beta.-cyclodextrin is a cyclic oligosaccharide that specifically and rapidly removes free cholesterol from the cell membranes when added to growth media (Rothblat, et al. (1999) J. Lipid Res. 40:781-96). Changes in the intracellular distribution of cholesterol in 25RA and CT43 cells exposed to 2-hydroxypropyl-b-cyclodextrin (hpCD) was detected using BC.theta.. Upon exposing cells to 4% hpCD for 10 minutes, both cell lines retained most of the BC.theta. fluorescence signals, indicating that only cholesterol at the cell surface is easily accessible to cyclodextrin. When the hpCD exposure was extended to 60 minutes, 25RA cells emitted much less BC.theta. fluorescence signal, whereas CT43 cells retained much of the signal. These results indicate that the intracellular cholesterol pool in 25RA cells is sensitive to cyclodextrin extraction, while most of the intracellular cholesterol pool in CT43 cells is relatively resistant to cyclodextrin extraction.

Binding of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol in other cell types, such as human and mouse fibroblasts, was evaluated. Both wild-type and NPC1 human fibroblasts grown in medium A exhibited binding of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol, with much greater fluorescence signals present in the NPC1 cells. When cells were grown for 36 hours in medium D, wild-type cells lost most of the BC.theta. fluorescence signal, while the NPC1 cells retained much of the fluorescence signal. When cells were grown 120 hours in medium D, BC.theta. binding was not detected in either cell type. Binding of BC.theta. to intracellular cholesterol of embryonic fibroblasts isolated from wild-type, NPC+/-, or NPC-/- mice was examined. Fibroblasts grown in medium A showed intensities of intracellular fluorescence attributable to BC.theta. binding in the order of NPC1-/->NPC1+/->NPC1+/+. After maintaining cells in medium D for 48 hours, neither NPC1+/+ nor NPC1+/- cells had a detectable BC.theta. fluorescence signal. In contrast, the NPC1-/- fibroblasts retained much of the BC.theta. fluorescence signal.

Accordingly, a first aspect of the invention provides a method of detecting intracellular cholesterol in permeabilized cells using labeled C.theta. complex. The method comprises contacting cells with a reagent which not only fixes but also physically or chemically permeabilizes the cell membrane to facilitate up-take and binding of labeled C.theta. complex to intracellular cholesterol. Permeabilization typically occurs at a temperature ranging from approximately 4.degree. C. to 37.degree. C. C for a period of time from approximately 10 minutes to 60 minutes. As provided herein, paraformaldehyde was used to permeabilize cells at a concentration ranging from 3% to 4%, however, as one of skill in the art will appreciate, other reagents including, but not limited to, chilled methanol (100%), TRITON.TM. X-100 (e.g., 0.1%-1.%), digitonin (e.g., 30 .mu.g/ml-40 .mu.g/ml), and saponin (e.g., 0.05%-0.25%) may also be used to permeabilize cells after mild fixation with 1.0% or lower concentration of paraformaldehyde. In a preferred embodiment the cells are fixed and permeabilized with 4% paraformaldehyde prior to the addition of labeled C.theta. complex. The extent of permeabilization of a cell by a permeabilizing reagent may vary and is dependent on factors such as cell type, culture medium, and temperature. A cell is said to be permeabilized if labeled C.theta. complex is taken up by the cell in an amount sufficient to bind and detect intracellular cholesterol. Permeabilization may also be determined using other well-known methods such as phalloidin uptake.

After permeabilization, cells are contacted with labeled C.theta. complex. Suitable labeled C.theta. complexes include C.theta. complex directly conjugated to biotin or a fluorescent label used for cell analysis. Fluorescent labels may be attached directly to the C.theta. complex through sulfhydryl or primary amine groups.

Exemplary fluorescent labels include, but are not limited to, .alpha.-Phycoerythrin, Green Fluorescent Protein, Phycocyanine, Allophycocyanine, Tricolor, AMCA, AMCA-S, AMCA, BODIPY FL, BODIPY 493/503, BODIPY FL Br2, BODIPY R6G, BODIPY 530/550, BODIPY TMR, BODIPY 558/568, BODIPY 564/570, BODIPY 576/589, BODIPY 581/591, BODIPY TR, Cascade Blue, CI-NERF, Dansyl, Dialkylaminocoumarin, 4',6'-Dichloro-2',7'-dimethoxyfluorescein, 2',7'-dichloro-fluorescein, Cy3, Cy5, Cy7, DM-NERF, Eosin, Eosin F3S, Erythrosin, Fluorescein, Fluorescein Isothiocyanate Hydroxycoumarin, Isosulfan Blue, Lissamine Rhodamine B, Malachite Green, Methoxycoumarin, Napthofluorecein, NBD, Oregon Green 488, Oregon Green 500, Oregon Green 514, Propidium Iodide Phycoerythrin, PyMPO, Pyrene, Rhodamine 6G, Rhodamine Green, Rhodamine Red, Rhodol Green, 2',4',5',7'-Tetrabromosulfonefluorescein, Tetramethyl-rhodamine, Texas Red, X-rhodamine; Lucifer Yellow, and the like.

The time required for binding labeled C.theta. complex may vary with temperature, extent of permeabilization and cell type and is in the range of 10 to 30 minutes. Additional reagents may be added to the medium containing the labeled C.theta. complex to decrease non-specific binding interactions or improve the stability of the labeled C.theta. complex, e.g., bovine serum albumin or other reagents known to have such properties. Subsequently, the cells may be washed to remove any residual or non-specifically bound labeled C.theta. complex prior to imaging and analysis.

Detection of labeled C.theta. complex bound to cholesterol will be dependent on the label which is conjugated to the C.theta. complex. For example, detection of biotinylated C.theta. may be performed using any of the well-known avidin or streptavidin reagents. Detection of biotin-avidin or biotin-streptavidin complexes typically involves conjugated forms of avidin or streptavidin including, but are not limited to, enzyme-conjugates (e.g., alkaline phosphatase, .beta.-galactosidase, glucose oxidase, horseradish peroxidase) or fluorescent-conjugates (e.g., 7-amino-4-methylcoumarin-3-acetic (AMCA), fluorescein, phycoerythrin, rhodamine, TEXAS RED.RTM., OREGON GREEN.RTM.) or antibodies which specifically bind to avidin or streptavidin. Methods of detecting antibodies are well-known to those of skill in the art (see, e.g., "Methods in Immunodiagnosis", 2nd Edition, Rose and Bigazzi, eds. John Wiley & Sons, 1980; Campbell et al., "Methods and Immunology", W. A. Benjamin, Inc., 1964; and Oellerich, M. (1984) J. Clin. Chem. Clin. Biochem. 22:895-904). It is preferred that the label to be imaged is fluorescent, i.e. either a C.theta. complex conjugated to fluorescent label or avidin or streptavidin conjugated to fluorescent label.

Methods of imaging and analyzing any of the above-mentioned labels are well-known in the art and the method employed will vary with the type of analysis being conducted, i.e. individual samples or multiple sample analyses in high-throughput screens. Preferably, measurement of the label is accomplished using flow cytometry, laser confocal microscopy, spectrofluorometer, fluorescence microscopy, fluorescence scanners and the like.

The detection method of the invention has broad applicability and may be used for the detection of cholesterol in mammalian and non-mammalian eukaryotic cells including, for example, plant cells.

A second aspect of the present invention provides a method of identifying agents which modulate cholesterol accumulation. The method of the invention is a cell-based assay which uses cells with a defective or mutant NCP1 gene. As one of skill in the art will appreciate, mammalian or non-mammalian cell may be used in the assay of the invention to identify agents which modulate cholesterol accumulation. It is preferred that the mutant NCP1 cells comprise CHO CT43 or CT60 cells. CHO CT43 cells have been described and characterized in detail (see, e.g., Cruz, et al. (2000) supra; Cruz and Chang (2000) supra) as have CHO CT60 cells (see, e.g., Cadigan, et al. (1990) supra). In the screening assay of the present invention, the mutant NCP1 cells are exposed to a test agent. The ability of the test agent to modulate cholesterol accumulation in the cells, as determined by binding and detection of BC.theta. or a derivative thereof, is then evaluated. Levels of cholesterol accumulation in mutant cells exposed to the test agent are compared to levels of cholesterol accumulation in mutant cells not exposed to the test agent. A decrease in cholesterol accumulation in these mutant cells is indicative of the test agent being a cholesterol inhibitor. In a preferred embodiment of the present invention, the mutant cells comprise CHO CT43 or CT60 cells and levels of cholesterol accumulation in these cells when exposed to a test agent are compared to levels of cholesterol accumulation in parental 25RA cells not exposed to the test agent. In this embodiment, test agents which decrease the level of cholesterol accumulation in the mutant cells to a level similar to the level in parental 25RA cells are expected to be potent cholesterol inhibitors.

It is preferred that the screening assay of the present invention be performed in a microtiter well format so that multiple test agents at various concentrations can be evaluated simultaneously. In this embodiment, mutant NPC1 cells are seeded into the wells of a microtiter plate. Cholesterol accumulation is preferably measured via the BC.theta. detection method provided herein. In addition to mutant NCP1 cells exposed to various test agents, it is preferred that additional wells containing only mutant cells and only parental cells also be included as negative and positive controls, respectively, for the assay. Wells containing only mutant cells provide a negative control wherein cholesterol accumulation is expected to be high. These negative controls can be used to compare and determine decreases in levels of cholesterol accumulation of the mutant cells upon exposure to the test agents. Decreases in levels of cholesterol accumulation in cells upon exposure to the test agent as compared to the negative control are indicative of the test agent being a cholesterol inhibitor. Wells containing the parental cells provide a positive control of levels of cholesterol accumulation in normal cells. Test agents which decrease levels of cholesterol accumulation to levels similar to that of the positive control are expected to be very effective cholesterol inhibitors.

In a preferred embodiment, the mutant cells used in the microtiter well format comprise CT43 cells or CT60 cells and are seeded at approximately 3-4.times.10.sup.4 cells per well in medium A comprising Ham's F-12, 10% FBS, and 10 .mu.g/ml gentamycin. Control cells comprising the parental 25RA cells are seeded at approximately 1.times.10.sup.4 cells/well. The medium is removed after one day and various test agents and/or various concentrations of a single test agent are then added to the wells and the plates are grown for about 14 hours before intracellular detection using BC.theta..

In another preferred embodiment, the cells receive a pulse of LDL cholesterol prior to exposing the cells to the test agent. In this embodiment, the mutant cells (CT43 or CT60) are seeded at approximately 3-4.times.10.sup.4 cells per well in medium A comprising Ham's F-12, 10% FBS, and 10 .mu.g/ml gentamycin. Control cells comprising the parental 25RA cells are seeded at approximately 1.times.10.sup.4 cells/well. In this embodiment, the medium is removed after one day, the cells are rinsed with phosphate buffered saline (PBS) and the medium is changed to Medium D comprising Ham's F12, 5% delipidated FBS, 35 .mu.M oleic acid, and 10 .mu.g/ml gentamycin. The CT43 or CT60 cells are then grown for an additional 36 hours. Cells are then washed and various test agents and/or various concentrations of a single test agent are then added to the wells and the plates are incubated at approximately 37.degree. C. for about one hour. Subsequently, the cells are grown in the presence of LDL cholesterol (approximately 100 .mu.g LDL/ml medium in 0.1 ml of medium D) at approximately 37.degree. C. for about 14 hours.

In a preferred embodiment, the test agents are dissolved at high concentration in a solvent such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) so that the final concentration of the solvent in the assay is less than or equal to 1%. Typical concentrations of test agents range from 1 to 100 .mu.M. Following exposure to the test agent, cholesterol accumulation is evaluated using the labeled C.theta. complex detection method provided herein.

Agents identified as cholesterol inhibitors in accordance with the method of the present invention can block the internalization of LDL-derived cholesterol and/or plasma membrane cholesterol from entering the cell interior thereby causing cholesterol to accumulate in the plasma membrane and promoting cholesterol efflux and stimulating reverse cholesterol transport in various body cells. These agents are expected to slow the development of atherosclerosis. Agents identified as inhibitors in accordance with the method of the present invention can also block the internalization of plasma membrane cholesterol in intestinal enterocytes, thereby preventing dietary cholesterol absorption. Such agents can also slow down the accumulation of amyloid beta-peptides in the brain, thereby slowing down the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease. Accordingly, test agents identified as cholesterol inhibitors in accordance with the assay of the present invention are expected to be useful in preventing and treating cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease associated with over accumulation of cholesterol in cells. Such agents are also expected to be useful in the treatment of Niemann Pick type C disease.
 

Claim 1 of 2 Claims

1. A method of inhibiting over accumulation of cholesterol intracellularly in cells comprising administering to the cells a cholesterol inhibitor identified by a method comprising exposing mutant NPC1 cells to a test agent, permeabilizing the mutant NPC1 cells, evaluating the intracellular level of cholesterol accumulation in the permeabilized mutant NPC1 cells exposed to the test agent via binding of labeled C theta complex to cholesterol-rich domains in intracellular organelles, and comparing the evaluated level to the intracellular level of cholesterol bound to labeled C theta complex in mutant NPC1 cells not exposed to the test agent, wherein a decrease in the level of cholesterol accumulation intracellularly in the mutant NPC1 cells exposed to the test agent as compared to the intracellular level in mutant NPC1 cells not exposed to the test agent is indicative of the test agent being a cholesterol inhibitor.

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